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- Date sent: Wed, 15 May 1996 01:39:04 GMT
-
- Name: Raygun Murfy
- E-mail: raygun@usa.pipeline.com
- Language: English
- Subject: World History
- Title: THE FALL OF GERMANY
- Grade: 95
- Age: 15
- Country: U.S.
- Comment: This is a fairly detailed essay written for my U.S. history class.
-
-
- THE FALL OF GERMANY
-
- None of the European power wanted World War I, but they feared Germany.
- Germany was newly unified, and was beating the European powers in
- population and Industry. France wanted to recover the Alsace-Lorraine.
- Britain was a country used to being on the ocean, so they felt threatened
- by Germany's colonial expansion and William II's insisting on a large navy.
- Russia and Austria feared pressure on their unstable empires.
- In 1887 William II refused to renew the Reinsurance treaty with Russia, but
- continued the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. In
- 1894 Russia made an alliance with France, and Great Britain settled it's
- differences with France in the Entente Cordiale in 1904 forming the Triple
- Entente.
- The assassination, with Serbian Knowledge, of the liberal Austrian
- archduke Francis Ferdinan in Sarajevo in June 1914 was the spark that set
- off the war. Germany assured Austria full support, which resulted in an
- Austrian ultimatum that Serbia could not accept. Austria declared war on
- Serbia. Russia mobilized to defend Serbia, then Germany declared war on
- Russia. Germany also declared war on France. Germany wanted a quick
- defeat of France. To avoid the French frontier, German forces moved
- through neutral Belgium thinking they would take Paris by surprise. The
- Germans encountered more resistance than expected in Belgium, giving France
- time to prepare. [Caidin 207] This violation of international law destroyed
- all sympathy for the Central Powers.
- Although German forces nearly reached Paris, the British and French
- Miraculously turned back the Germans at the Battle of Marne. The two sides
- dug trenches for a war that would last four years. The Russians then
- attacked sending Germany into a two front war. The Germans defeated the
- Russians Many times on the east, but the Allies blockaded the Germans on
- the east by cutting off food and raw materials, The Germans became
- desperate to break the blockade, so they declared unrestricted submarine
- warfare. [Villiers 176] After several American ships were sunk, the
- United States entered the war in 1917. The Russians were in the middle of
- several revolutions so they were not a threat to Germans. In 1918 when the
- Germans did not have to worry about the east, they launched an all out
- offensive attack in the west, but the United Allies slowly turned the tide.
-
- Realizing the situation was hopeless the German High Command urged William
- to let a new civil government sue for peace. Woodrow Wilson, U.S.
- President from 1913 to 1921, insisted on dealing with citizens. William
- grudgingly appointed Prince Max of Baden as chancellor. Even Though Wilson
- was negotiating with the chancellor there were still many problems.
- Fighting continued, sailors mutinied, socialist staged strikes, workers and
- military formed Communist councils, and revolution broke out in Bavaria.
- [Grolier] Prince Max announced the abdication of William II and resigned.
-
- When Germany surrendered and changed its government, it expected a
- negotiated peace rather than the harsh terms of the Versailles treaty of
- 1919. The allies were determined to receive reparations for their losses
- and to see that Germany was never in a position to harm them again.
- Germany lost the Alsace-Lorraine to France and lost West Prussia to Poland.
- It also lost all its colonies and had to give up most of its coal,
- trains, and merchant ships, as well as its navy. Germany had to limit its
- army and submit to Allied occupation of Rhineland for 15 years. Worst of
- all, the Germans had to accept full responsibility for causing the war and,
- consequently pay its total cost. The Germans did not consider themselves
- anymore guilty than anyone else and could not possibly pay all of the costs
- demanded. The Versailles treaty seemed fair to the Allies point of view,
- but it did not ensure a lasting peace. By accepting the treaty the German
- Government gained a bad name among its people. [Encarta96] The war
- reparations put a enormous strain on a country already bankrupted by four
- years of war.
- In Weimar in 1919 a nationalist assembly, led by the Social democratic
- party, wrote a democratic constitution for the new German Reich. But the
- prospects of the Weimar Republic, as it was familiarly known, were dim.
- For most Germans the government was defeated and was controlled by the
- Versailles treaty, which they regarded as only temporary.[Encarta96] The
- Parliamentary government was opposed by conservative militarists and
- revolutionary scientists. Both sides frequently tried to overthrow the
- government with small armies. For instance the military Kapp Putsch in
- 1920 and, the Uprising of the Communist Sparticists in 1919 under Karl
- Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg. The economic situation made matters worse
- because the German government could not pay off reparation requirements, so
- France invaded Ruhr in1923 to take over coal mines. The government
- encouraged the workers to resist passively, printing large amounts of
- currency to pay them. The result was an inflation that wiped out savings,
- pensions, insurance, and other forms of fixed income, creating a revolution
- that destroyed the most stable elements of Germany. Aided by the Dawes
- plan of 1924, which set reasonable amounts of reparations and provided for
- foreign loans, the brilliant German Minister Gustav Stresemann reorganized
- the monetary system and encouraged industry. Stresemann introduced a new
- currency, and paved the way for more reasonable reparation schedules. For
- five years Germany enjoyed relative peace and prosperity.
- In 1926 Germany joined the League of Nations. In 1929 when the worldwide
- depression hit it plunged the city into disaster. Million of unemployed,
- disillusioned by capitalist democracy, turned to communism or to the party
- of National Socialism (Nazism) led by Adolf Hitler. In notable efforts
- called the Munich Putsch of 1923 Hitler and the Nazis made a farcical
- attempt to seize power in Bavaria. From 1930 on the government functioned
- by emergency decree. The Communist profited briefly from radicalization,
- but the main beneficiary was the Nazi party. The Nazi party had twin
- attractions of appearing to offer radical solutions to economic problems
- while upholding patriotic values. [Encarta96] By 1932 it was the largest
- party in the Reighstag. The next year President Paul von Hindenburg
- appointed Hitler Chancellor after allowing himself to be convinced by
- generals and right-wing politicians that only the Nazi leader could restore
- order in Germany and that he could be controlled.
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